Journal: Food & Nutrition Research

Article Title: Urolithin A supplementation alleviates osteogenic disfunction and promotes bone fracture healing in inflammatory environments

doi: 10.29219/fnr.v70.13033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sequences of primers for real-time quantitative PCR analysis

Article Snippet: The antibody against IL-1 β (#HY- P80720 ) was purchased from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Food & Nutrition Research

Article Title: Urolithin A supplementation alleviates osteogenic disfunction and promotes bone fracture healing in inflammatory environments

doi: 10.29219/fnr.v70.13033

Figure Lengend Snippet: UA alleviated pro-inflammation level and the M1 macrophage activation under TNF- α induced inflammation microenvironment. (a) CCK-8 assay was utilised to assess the cell viability of RAW264.7 of UA on 12, 24 and 48 h. (b, c) The concentration of IL-1 β and IL-6 in the medium of RAW264.7 after 12 h TNF- α stimulation with or without UA by ELISA. (d) The proteins of RAW264.7 were measured by western blot after 1 day and quantitative analysis. (e) The genes were measured by qRT-PCR after 1 day. (f) Immunofluorescence staining for iNOS after 1 day after TNF- α stimulation with or without UA. Scale bars, 100 μm. (g) The quantitative analysis of Immunofluorescence by image J. All of the experiments were independently accomplished by three times. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 compared to the control group.

Article Snippet: The antibody against IL-1 β (#HY- P80720 ) was purchased from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Activation Assay, CCK-8 Assay, Concentration Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Control

Journal: Food & Nutrition Research

Article Title: Urolithin A supplementation alleviates osteogenic disfunction and promotes bone fracture healing in inflammatory environments

doi: 10.29219/fnr.v70.13033

Figure Lengend Snippet: UA accelerated TNF- α induced impaired bone fracture healing in a mice femur fracture model. (a) Experiment flow about animal study. (b) The representative μCT images of mouse femurs from the femur fracture + PBS, femur fracture + TNF- α and femur fracture + TNF- α + UA (50 mpk) group. (c) Graphic illustrations of BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb.Th and Tb.Sp in the indicated groups. (d) Histological section from femur fracture region stained with H&E and Masson staining. Scale bar, 500 μm. (e) Immunohistochemistry of COL1A1 and IL-1 β of femur fracture region. Scale bar, 500 μm. (f, g) The quantitative results of immunohistochemistry by image J. (h) Histological scores of three groups. All of the experiments were independently accomplished by five times. All error bars represent SDs. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 compared to the control group.

Article Snippet: The antibody against IL-1 β (#HY- P80720 ) was purchased from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemistry, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Fuel–maintenance coupling reprograms mitochondrial homeostasis to enable peripheral nerve regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103411

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immune microenvironment remodeling during peripheral nerve regeneration mediated by the LA-CS@Mag/PCL conduit. a) Schematic illustration of temporal immune modulation and peripheral nerve regeneration following implantation of the LA-CS@Mag/PCL nerve guidance conduit. b) Immunofluorescence staining of regenerated nerves at 1 week post-injury for iNOS and CD68, with c) quantitative analysis of iNOS levels. d) Immunohistochemical staining of regenerated nerves at 4 weeks post-injury for Arg1, CD163, and CD206, with quantitative analysis of e) Arg1, f) CD163, and g) CD206 levels. h) Immunofluorescence staining of regenerated nerves at 4 weeks post-injury for IL-6, with i) quantitative analysis of IL-6 levels. The data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3), ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Inflammatory responses were evaluated using antibodies against IL-6 (1:200, Abclonal), iNOS (1:500, Abclonal), CD68 (1:500), CD206 (1:1000), CD163 (1:2000), and Arg1 (1:500) (all from Proteintech unless noted).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: The diagram of the design and fabrication of delivery system loading BMSCs derived 3D-ABs and Mxene nanosheets for the repair of SCI. This composite hydrogel alleviated the inflammatory microenvironment in the acute phase and promoted axon regeneration in the chronic phase.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Derivative Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Preparation and characterization of 3D-ABs and Mxene nanosheets. (A) Graphical illustration of the 3D-ABs isolation procedure. (B) 2D-BMSCs and 3D-BMSCs stained by CD29 and CD44 (scale bar, 40 μm). (C) SEM images of 3D-ABs (scale bar, 1 μm). (D) 3D-ABs stained by CIQC (scale bar, 10 μm). (E) DLS analysis for the 3D-ABs. (F) Expression of biomarkers of 3D-ABs and Hydrogel-3D-ABs including C1QC, C3B, H2B, and H3, β-actin was utilized as a loading control. (G) FCM analysis of the percentage of Dil-positive PC12 and BV2 cells after treatment with DiI-labelled 3D-ABs. (H) Uptake of Dil-labelled 3D-ABs and Hydrogel-3D-ABs by PC12 and BV2 cells (scale bar, 20 μm). (I) Frozen sections of DiI-labelled 3D-ABs and Hydrogel-3D-ABs treated spinal cord were stained for Neun and CD68 (scale bars, 20 μm). (J) SEM and EDS elemental mapping images of the Mxene nanosheets (scale bar, 20 μm). (K) Live/dead cell staining images for PC12 and BV2 cells after different treatments (scale bar, 200 μm).

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Isolation, Staining, Expressing, Control

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Composite hydrogel promotes post-SCI functional recovery. (A) H&E and Masson staining of the SCI areas of 28 days (scale bar, 1000 μm). (B) On day 28 after SCI, images of mouse footprints were captured. Blue: fore paw print; Red: hind paw print. (C) Representative images of laminin staining on the gastrocnemius muscles to mark the area of muscle fibers (scale bar, 50 μm). (D) Following SCI, the groups' BMS scores were recorded on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. (E) MEP results of mice in each group at 28 dpi. (F) Stride length (mm) analyses of mice at 28 dpi. (G) Quantitative analysis of the cross-sectional area of gastrocnemius muscle fibers in the right hind limbs of mice in each group(n = 9, 3 animals per group with 3 muscle fibers counted for each animal). (H) Schematic diagram of marked joints in the hindlimb. (I) Representative color-coded bar plots of hindlimb movements in each group. (J) Curves depicting angle variations in hip, knee, and ankle joints during hindlimb motion across groups. (K–M) Quantitative analysis of swing frequency, maximum muscle tension, and cycle duration during a single-step cycle in hindlimbs of mice from each group. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 3); ∗p < 0.05, indicates significant differences; ns, is not significant. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Staining, Muscles, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Composite hydrogel promotes the polarization of BV2 cells to M2 types and alleviates PC12 cell pyroptosis in vitro inflammatory environment. (A) Representative western blots showing protein expression of iNOS and Arg-1 in each group, β-actin was utilized as a loading control. (B) Quantitative analysis of relative expression of iNOS and Arg-1. (C) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD68 positive and iNOS positive BV2 cells (scale bar: 20 μm). (D) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD68 positive and Arg-1 positive BV2 cells (scale bar: 20 μm). (E, F) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity of iNOS and Arg-1. (G) Representative western blots showing the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, ASC, GSDMD-N, and IL-18 protein associated with pyroptosis, β-actin was utilized as a loading control. (H) PI staining of PC12 cells in each group (scale bar, 100 μm). (I) Quantitative analysis of PI staining of PC12 cells (n = 3). (J) Quantitative analysis of relative expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, ASC, GSDMD-N and IL-18 (n = 3). The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 3); ∗p < 0.05, indicates significant differences; ns, is not significant. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Staining, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Composite hydrogel regulates post-SCI inflammation. (A) Immunofluorescence images of inflammatory cell infiltration at the injured site 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 100 μm). (B) Immunofluorescence image of iNOS expression of microglia 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 40 μm). (C) Immunofluorescence image of Arg-1 expression of microglia 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 40 μm). (D) Quantitative analysis of the number of CD68 positive cells at the injured site 3 days after SCI. (E, F) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity of iNOS and Arg-1 protein expression. (G) Representative western blots showing the expression of iNOS and Arg-1 protein 3 days after SCI, GAPDH was utilized as a loading control. (H) Quantitative analysis of relative expression of iNOS and Arg-1. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 3); ∗p < 0.05, indicates significant differences; ns, is not significant. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Fluorescence, Western Blot, Control, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.043

Figure Lengend Snippet: The composite hydrogel inhibits post-SCI pyroptosis in neurons. (A) Immunofluorescence images of residual neurons existing in the anterior horn of the spinal cord (scale bar, 500 μm and 200 μm). (B) Immunofluorescence image of Caspase-1 expression of neurons 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 20 μm). (C) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity of Caspase-1 protein expression in neurons within the specified groups (n = 3). (D) Immunofluorescence image of GSDMD-N expression of neurons 3 days after SCI (scale bar, 20 μm). (E) Quantitative analysis of relative fluorescence intensity of GSDMD-N protein expression in neurons within the specified groups (n = 3). (F) Representative western blots showing the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, ASC, GSDMD-N, and IL-18 protein 3 days after SCI, GAPDH was utilized as a loading control. (G) Quantitative analysis of relative expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, ASC, GSDMD-N and IL-18 (n = 3). The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 3); ∗p < 0.05, indicates significant differences; ns, is not significant. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: Antibodies against IL-1β (cat. no. A1112) and IL-18 (cat. no. A1115) were provided by ABclonal Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Fluorescence, Western Blot, Control, Comparison

Journal: Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

Article Title: Chemical characterization of Jing Guan Fang and its application in alleviating coronavirus envelope protein-induced proinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2025.12.003

Figure Lengend Snippet: JGF inhibits NO, IL-6, and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 and MH-S cells. The cells were treated with JGF (50, 100, 150, 300, 600 μg/mL), 2-E (0.1 μM), DXT (10 μM), or LPS (0.1 μg/mL) for 24 h. ( A ) Cell viability was evaluated using crystal violet. ( B ) NO production was measured using the Griess assay. ( C-D ) IL-6 ( C ) and TNF-α ( D ) levels were determined by ELISA. EC 50 was calculated by CompuSyn software. Data was presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for groups (n = 3). Significant differences are denoted as ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against IL-6 (Bioss, BS0379R, 1:500), TNF-α (Bioworld, BS1857, 1:300), and IL-1β (Bioss, BS6319R, 1:500) were applied overnight at room temperature.

Techniques: Griess Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Software, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

Article Title: Chemical characterization of Jing Guan Fang and its application in alleviating coronavirus envelope protein-induced proinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2025.12.003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Components of JGF inhibit 2-E-induced inflammation. The RAW264.7 and MH-S cells were co-treated with JGF compounds and 2-E for 24 h. ( A ) The 3D-HPLC fingerprint of JGF. Compound structures were sourced from the PubChem database. The detection wavelength ranged from 200 to 400 nm, and the injection volume was 20 μL. ( B ) Cell viability was evaluated using crystal violet. ( C ) NO production was measured using the Griess assay. ( D-E ) IL-6 ( D ) and TNF-α ( E ) levels were determined by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined relative to the 2-E group. Significant differences are denoted as ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against IL-6 (Bioss, BS0379R, 1:500), TNF-α (Bioworld, BS1857, 1:300), and IL-1β (Bioss, BS6319R, 1:500) were applied overnight at room temperature.

Techniques: Injection, Griess Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

Article Title: Chemical characterization of Jing Guan Fang and its application in alleviating coronavirus envelope protein-induced proinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2025.12.003

Figure Lengend Snippet: JGF reduces the 2-E-induced proinflammatory cytokines in vivo . ( A ) The experimental scheme for mouse exposure. ( B-F ) Levels of IL-6 ( B ), TNF-α ( C ), IFN-γ ( D ), IL-1β ( E ), and IL-12 ( F ) in lung tissue and serum were measured by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 9 for serum, except DXT group n = 6; n = 6 for lung tissue, except DXT group n = 3) ( G ) Representative histological images of lung tissue stained with H&E and IHC images for IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression. ( H-J ) Quantification of IL-6 ( H ), TNF-α ( I ), and IL-1β ( J ) positive areas using ImageJ (n = 3). Significant differences between the control (CTL) group and other groups are denoted by ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001. Significant differences between the 2-E group and 2-E + JGF group are indicated by #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against IL-6 (Bioss, BS0379R, 1:500), TNF-α (Bioworld, BS1857, 1:300), and IL-1β (Bioss, BS6319R, 1:500) were applied overnight at room temperature.

Techniques: In Vivo, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Expressing, Control